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Analysis of votives from a sanctuary site near Roussa Ekklesia village in east Crete, Lassithi prefecture, sheds valuable light on archaic, classical, and Hellenistic cult practices. Part 1 of this study, (an excerpt is the present article), presents a large collection of terracotta plaques and figurines from the sanctuary (ca. 630–450 B.C.E.).
Part 2, to appear in a forthcoming issue of the AJA, will deal with a mostly later assemblage of lamps and pottery (ca. 500–150). These assemblages span a critical period in Cretan religious history and mark a transition from an orientalizing to a classical form of worship. Discussion here focuses on the art historical and religious significance of the terracotta plaques and figurines as well as the political dimensions of cult. The iconography of the plaques hints at male rite of passage ceremonies at a simple spring sanctuary of a goddess charged with natural fertility and human growth. She is depicted in the seventh century as a frontal nude crowned by a polos, an assimilation of a Near Eastern type. It is argued that Roussa Ekklesia functioned as a territorial marker for the state of Praisos, with the beginning of cult activity coinciding with the rise of this polis as a regional power. This study also examines the impact of representational styles as constituents of civic and ethnic identity.
One aim of this study-article is to establish preliminary chronologies for local lamps based on shape, decoration, and other stylistic features. Another aim is to track religious history: this assemblage documents a transition from an archaic to a classical form of worship. Whereas symbolic offerings with representational imagery are the chief manifestations of cult in the Archaic period, Classical and Hellenistic worshipers at Roussa Ekklesia left utilitarian objects, hinting at a wider range of sanctuary activities. These collective rituals featured light at nocturnal ceremonies and libation offerings to a goddess charged with natural and human fertility.
Archaeological Site in Agia Fotia Sitia, East Crete: This is an area of great archaeological interest because, in addition to various chance finds and signs of habitation in the cave of Koufoto on the shore, a large necropolis came to light near the cave (at a place now known as Patima).
252 graves of the early minoan period were discovered and it is estimated that another 50 must have been destroyed by cultivation of the surrounding land. It is the largest Minoan cemetery so far found in Crete. The graves are of an early chamber tomb type with an antechamber and a main chamber, though there are also simple pit tombs which probably contained child burials. Almost all the tombs contained more than one burial.
Archaeological Site in Agia Fotia Sitia, East Crete Archaeological Site in Agia Fotia Sitia, East Crete
The finds were very rich, including about 1800 vessels of various types and in excellent conditfon, an extremely interesting collection of bronze objects among which were fish hooks, daggers, spearheads etc, and also a number of noteworthy stone artefacts such as axes and querns. The finding of two lead zoomorphic amulets is considered important. The excavator, Ephor of Antiquities Kostis Davaras, believes that they lend substance to the view that lead, like silver, was regarded as a precious metal in the early Minoan period.
Some scholars believe that the cemetery belonged to the prehistoric Cycladic settlers in Crete.
From the book "Sitia", N.Papadakis, Archaeologist,1983
252 graves of the early minoan period were discovered and it is estimated that another 50 must have been destroyed by cultivation of the surrounding land. It is the largest Minoan cemetery so far found in Crete. The graves are of an early chamber tomb type with an antechamber and a main chamber, though there are also simple pit tombs which probably contained child burials. Almost all the tombs contained more than one burial.
Archaeological Site in Agia Fotia Sitia, East Crete Archaeological Site in Agia Fotia Sitia, East Crete
The finds were very rich, including about 1800 vessels of various types and in excellent conditfon, an extremely interesting collection of bronze objects among which were fish hooks, daggers, spearheads etc, and also a number of noteworthy stone artefacts such as axes and querns. The finding of two lead zoomorphic amulets is considered important. The excavator, Ephor of Antiquities Kostis Davaras, believes that they lend substance to the view that lead, like silver, was regarded as a precious metal in the early Minoan period.
Some scholars believe that the cemetery belonged to the prehistoric Cycladic settlers in Crete.
From the book "Sitia", N.Papadakis, Archaeologist,1983
Archaeological Site in Agia Fotia Sitia, East Crete: This is an area of great archaeological interest because, in addition to various chance finds and signs of habitation in the cave of Koufoto on the shore, a large necropolis came to light near the cave (at a place now known as Patima).
252 graves of the early minoan period were discovered and it is estimated that another 50 must have been destroyed by cultivation of the surrounding land. It is the largest Minoan cemetery so far found in Crete. The graves are of an early chamber tomb type with an antechamber and a main chamber, though there are also simple pit tombs which probably contained child burials. Almost all the tombs contained more than one burial.
Archaeological Site in Agia Fotia Sitia, East Crete Archaeological Site in Agia Fotia Sitia, East Crete
The finds were very rich, including about 1800 vessels of various types and in excellent conditfon, an extremely interesting collection of bronze objects among which were fish hooks, daggers, spearheads etc, and also a number of noteworthy stone artefacts such as axes and querns. The finding of two lead zoomorphic amulets is considered important. The excavator, Ephor of Antiquities Kostis Davaras, believes that they lend substance to the view that lead, like silver, was regarded as a precious metal in the early Minoan period.
Some scholars believe that the cemetery belonged to the prehistoric Cycladic settlers in Crete.
From the book "Sitia", N.Papadakis, Archaeologist,1983
252 graves of the early minoan period were discovered and it is estimated that another 50 must have been destroyed by cultivation of the surrounding land. It is the largest Minoan cemetery so far found in Crete. The graves are of an early chamber tomb type with an antechamber and a main chamber, though there are also simple pit tombs which probably contained child burials. Almost all the tombs contained more than one burial.
Archaeological Site in Agia Fotia Sitia, East Crete Archaeological Site in Agia Fotia Sitia, East Crete
The finds were very rich, including about 1800 vessels of various types and in excellent conditfon, an extremely interesting collection of bronze objects among which were fish hooks, daggers, spearheads etc, and also a number of noteworthy stone artefacts such as axes and querns. The finding of two lead zoomorphic amulets is considered important. The excavator, Ephor of Antiquities Kostis Davaras, believes that they lend substance to the view that lead, like silver, was regarded as a precious metal in the early Minoan period.
Some scholars believe that the cemetery belonged to the prehistoric Cycladic settlers in Crete.
From the book "Sitia", N.Papadakis, Archaeologist,1983
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